Hosaine Hasangholipoure; Ebrahim Chirani; Seyed mozaffar Mirbargkar; Sina Kheradyar
Abstract
Out of 64 possible catastrophic events in the whole world, about 34 of them have been experienced in Iran; more than 80% of the regions are exposed to natural disasters risks such as earthquakes exposure. Domestic insurance capacity does not cover this volume of risk and the need for external reinsurance ...
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Out of 64 possible catastrophic events in the whole world, about 34 of them have been experienced in Iran; more than 80% of the regions are exposed to natural disasters risks such as earthquakes exposure. Domestic insurance capacity does not cover this volume of risk and the need for external reinsurance capacity is always felt. Catastrophe bonds structure as a financial & insurance innovative solution (Alternative Risk Transfer Instruments) allows an issuing institution to transfer catastrophic exposures and risk to capital market's investors by creating capital relief and additional risk capacity for our insurance industry. We adjusted the formal cat bonds structure with the Islamic jurisprudence. According to the systematic review research method 8 steps, the Sukuk model was implemented based on the extracted concepts from 23 Farsi articles and 50 English articles. After that interviews by 18 experts who were selected by purposive & Snowball sampling, The Delphi method was used to obtain the opinion of experts and their opinion was modified and implemented in the final model. In the open coding stage, 415 concepts were extracted which were classified into 10 categories and finally presented in 4 Propositions/themes. The trustworthiness and authenticity did base on the four-stage model of Lincoln and Guba and also its complementary step. We finally suggested that the catastrophe bond instrument could be issued in the form of a cat takaful (CT) sukuk contract template, as a solution for transferring catastrophic risks to the Islamic financial market.
Hossein Esmaeili Komar Olia; Bahman Banimahd; Sina Kheradyar
Abstract
Tax avoidance is making use of legal loop holes to display an individual's financial situation as if it were lower than what it is in order to decrease the amount of income tax owed. Behavioral economics and taxation literature indicate that psychological factors can provide further insight on accountants' ...
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Tax avoidance is making use of legal loop holes to display an individual's financial situation as if it were lower than what it is in order to decrease the amount of income tax owed. Behavioral economics and taxation literature indicate that psychological factors can provide further insight on accountants' financial decisions. The literature claim that tax compliance can be influenced by an individual’s personality and beliefs. Therefore, in this research, the effects of psychological variables including Machiavellianism, emotional manipulation and moral foundations are examined on tax avoidance in accounting and finance professions. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation as two negative attributes of human beings and moral foundations in tax avoidance in listed and unlisted firms. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 500 accountants and financial managers of listed and unlisted companies of Tehran stock exchange was selected. This study is an applied and descriptive survey. The hypotheses of the research have been analyzed by structural equation modeling using Lisrel software. The evidence of this study show that Machiavellianism has a positive and moral foundations have a negative effect on tax avoidance. But, this study doesn’t confirm any significant relation between emotional manipulation and tax avoidance. This paper also states that social and psychological variables would explain the tax avoidance phenomenon.