Iranian Journal of Finance

Abstract Portfolio optimization has always been the main concern of investors. What differentiates different optimization models from each other is the risk measure. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a portfolio optimization model that considers systemic risk so that it can help investors make optimal investment decisions as a general model. For this purpose, two models are presented. In the first model, systemic and systematic risk were considered simultaneously, and in the second model, only systemic risk was considered. In the two mentioned models, delta conditional value at risk (∆CoVaR) and the Markowitz model are used respectively to measure systemic risk and a benchmark model. Also, the criteria used to compare the performance of the reviewed models include the ratio of reward-to-risk, along with the Sortino ratio and the Omega ratio. The problem of optimization and examination of the results was carried out on a selected sample, 38 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2013 to 2023. The results of empirical analysis of out-of-sample data (during a period of 1198 days) show that based on all three mentioned criteria, the first proposed model shows the best performance among the three models. In addition, the performance of the second model is ranked second. In short, it can be said that considering systemic risk in portfolio optimization leads to better performance than the Markowitz model.

Abstract Shareholders in the capital market always demand Reporting and disclosure and based on information that disclosure; they change their expectations of risk and returns. Disclosure has an economic consequence and the risk disclosure, in addition to economic consequences, has an effect on financial and banking stability. In this paper, we survey the risk disclosure of economic consequences and its effect on banking stability. We count the number of the risk disclosures in Iranian banks' financial statements by using the quantitative content analysis methodology and indexation of Iran's risk disclosure regulation. According to the estimation of panel data from 18 banks to period 2011-2016, we find that risk disclosure has a negative and significant relationship with stability and a positive and significant relationship with the cost of capital.